Maritime navigation and security are evolving rapidly in response to multifaceted threats, including
Introduction: The Complexity of Contemporary Maritime Security Maritime navigation and security are evolving rapidly in response to multifaceted threats, including piracy, smuggling, unauthorized vessel movements, and increasingly sophisticated cyber-attack vectors. According to the International Maritime Organization (IMO), approximately 20,000 vessels traverse global waters daily, carrying over 80% of the world’s containerized cargo. Ensuring the integrity